Calvin Cycle in Photosynthesis

The Calvin cycle, also known as the dark reaction or light-independent reaction, consists of three key stages:

1. Carbon fixation: CO2 is fixed to RuBP (5-carbon sugar) by the enzyme RuBisCO, forming a 6-carbon compound that splits into two 3-carbon compounds
2. Reduction: The 3-carbon compounds are reduced using ATP and NADPH from light reactions to form glucose
3. Regeneration: RuBP is regenerated using ATP to continue the cycle

This cycle occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts and is responsible for the synthesis of glucose and other organic compounds.