Plant Kingdom

The major divisions of the plant kingdom are:

1. Thallophyta: Algae (e.g., Spirogyra, Chara)
2. Bryophyta: Mosses and liverworts
3. Pteridophyta: Ferns and horsetails
4. Gymnosperms: Cone-bearing plants (e.g., pines, cycads)
5. Angiosperms: Flowering plants

Plants are classified based on:

• Presence or absence of true roots, stems, and leaves
• Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
• Seeds and flowers
• Mode of reproduction

This classification reflects the evolutionary relationships and increasing complexity of plant structures.