What are the different modes of asexual reproduction in plants?

In plants, asexual reproduction occurs without the fusion of gametes and produces offspring genetically identical to the parent plant. The main modes of asexual reproduction in plants, as per the NCERT syllabus, are:

• Vegetative Propagation: This involves the use of vegetative parts of the plant like stems, roots, and leaves to produce new plants. Examples include runners in strawberries, tubers in potatoes, and rhizomes in ginger.
• Budding: A new plant grows from a small projection or bud on the surface of the parent plant. Yeast is a common example.
• Fragmentation: The parent plant breaks into fragments, each of which can grow into a new plant. This is common in algae like Spirogyra.
• Sporulation: Plants produce spores that can develop into new plants. Ferns and fungi reproduce this way.