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How are substituents commonly indicated in common names of ketones?
The locations of substituents in common names of ketones are indicated by Greek letters, $\alpha, \alpha', \beta, \beta'$ and so on beginning with the carbon atoms next to the carbonyl group, indicated as $\alpha\alpha'$. (NCERT, p. 229)
What is the common name for $HCHO$?
Table 8.1 explicitly states that the common name for HCHO is Formaldehyde. (NCERT, p. 230)
Consider compounds with an aldehyde group attached to a benzene ring. If it is m-bromobenzaldehyde, what is its IUPAC name?
The example given in the text states that m-Bromobenzaldehyde has the IUPAC name 3-Bromobenzaldehyde (or 3-Bromobenzenecarbaldehyde). (NCERT, p. 230)
When naming ketones using IUPAC rules, how is the numbering of the carbon chain determined?
In case of ketones, the numbering begins from the end nearer to the carbonyl group. (NCERT, p. 229)
Which of the following statements about the C-X bond in haloalkanes is correct?
According to the NCERT text, 'Halogen atoms are more electronegative than carbon, therefore, carbon-halogen bond of alkyl halide is polarised; the carbon atom bears a partial positive charge whereas the halogen atom bears a partial negative charge.'
Arrange the following carbon-halogen bonds in increasing order of their bond length: C-F, C-Cl, C-Br, C-I.
As we go down the group in the periodic table, the size of the halogen atom increases. Fluorine atom is the smallest and iodine atom is the largest. Consequently, the carbon-halogen bond length also increases from C-F to C-I.
Why are haloalkanes only slightly soluble in water?
The NCERT states, 'In order to dissolve haloalkane in water, energy is required to overcome the attractions between the haloalkane molecules and break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules. Less energy is released when new attractions are set up between the haloalkane and the water molecules as these are not as strong as the original hydrogen bonds in water. As a result, the solubility of haloalkanes in water is low.'
Considering the provided density data (Table 6.3), which of the following haloalkanes would be the heaviest among the given options?
From Table 6.3, the densities are: $n-C_3H_7Cl$ (0.89 g/mL), $CH_2Cl_2$ (1.336 g/mL), $CHCl_3$ (1.489 g/mL), $CCl_4$ (1.595 g/mL). The density increases with an increase in the number of halogen atoms and the atomic mass of the halogen atoms. $CCl_4$ has the highest density among the given options (1.595 g/mL).
Which of the following statements is true regarding the density of haloalkanes?
The NCERT text states, 'The density increases with increase in number of carbon atoms, halogen atoms and atomic mass of the halogen atoms.' Also, 'Bromo, iodo and polychloro derivatives of hydrocarbons are heavier than water.'
Pure alkyl halides are typically:
The NCERT states, 'Alkyl halides are colourless when pure. However, bromides and iodides develop colour when exposed to light.'
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