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When phenol is treated with dilute nitric acid at 298 K, which of the following products are predominantly formed?
The NCERT states: 'With dilute nitric acid at low temperature (298 K), phenol yields a mixture of ortho and para nitrophenols.'
How can ortho-nitrophenol and para-nitrophenol be separated from their mixture, produced by nitration of phenol?
As per the NCERT text, 'The ortho and para isomers can be separated by steam distillation. o-Nitrophenol is steam volatile due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding while p-nitrophenol is less volatile due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding which causes the association of molecules.'
Which of the following is commonly known as picric acid?
The NCERT states: 'With concentrated nitric acid, phenol is converted to 2,4,6-trinitrophenol. The product is commonly known as picric acid.'
Picric acid is a strong acid due to the presence of:
The NCERT notes, '2, 4, 6 - Trinitrophenol is a strong acid due to the presence of three electron withdrawing –NO$_2$ groups which facilitate the release of hydrogen ion.'
In the Kolbe's reaction, the electrophile that attacks the phenoxide ion is:
According to the NCERT, in Kolbe's reaction, 'Phenoxide ion generated by treating phenol with sodium hydroxide is even more reactive than phenol towards electrophilic aromatic substitution. Hence, it undergoes electrophilic substitution with carbon dioxide, a weak electrophile.'
What is the main product formed in Kolbe's reaction of phenol?
The NCERT text states: 'Ortho hydroxybenzoic acid is formed as the main reaction product' in Kolbe's reaction.
Which of the following is true regarding the halogenation of phenol with bromine in solvents of low polarity (e.g., $CHCl_3$ or $CS_2$) at low temperature?
The NCERT states: 'When the reaction is carried out in solvents of low polarity such as $CHCl_3$ or $CS_2$ and at low temperature, monobromophenols are formed.'
Why does the bromination of phenol occur even without a Lewis acid catalyst in solvents like $CHCl_3$ or $CS_2$?
The NCERT explains, 'In case of phenol, the polarisation of bromine molecule takes place even in the absence of Lewis acid. It is due to the highly activating effect of –OH group attached to the benzene ring.'
What happens when phenol is treated with bromine water?
The NCERT mentions: 'When phenol is treated with bromine water, 2,4,6-tribromophenol is formed as white precipitate.'
Reimer-Tiemann reaction involves the introduction of which functional group at the ortho position of the benzene ring of phenol?
The NCERT clearly states: 'On treating phenol with chloroform in the presence of sodium hydroxide, a –CHO group is introduced at ortho position of benzene ring. This reaction is known as Reimer - Tiemann reaction.'
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