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Which of the following is NOT a state variable?
The NCERT text (Chapter: THERMODYNAMICS_Physics, Section 11.7 and Section 6 of point list) explicitly states, 'Examples of state variables are pressure (P ), volume (V ), temperature (T ), and mass (m ). Heat and work are not state variables.'
The internal energy (E) of an ideal gas depends solely on which of the following variables?
The NCERT text (Chapter: KINETIC_THEORY, Section 12.4.2) states, 'internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on temperature, not on pressure or volume.' This is also implied when discussing $C_v$ in Chapter: THERMODYNAMICS_Physics, Section 11.7, where U of an ideal gas depends only on temperature.
If you compare experimental P-V curves for a real gas with theoretical curves predicted by Boyle's law, when is the agreement between them typically good?
The NCERT text (Chapter: KINETIC_THEORY, Section 12.3) mentions, 'Once again you see that the agreement is good at high temperatures and low pressures' when comparing experimental P-V curves with Boyle's law.
What is the physical quantity represented by N k_B T in the ideal gas equation, where N is the number of molecules and k_B is the Boltzmann constant?
The NCERT text (Chapter: KINETIC_THEORY, Summary point 1) gives the ideal gas equation as PV = µRT = k_B N T. Therefore, N k_B T represents the product of pressure and volume (PV).
In a mixture of gases at a fixed temperature, what can be said about the average speed of molecules with different masses?
The NCERT text (Chapter: KINETIC_THEORY, Summary point 2) states, 'In a mixture of gases at a fixed temperature the heavier molecule has the lower average speed.' This is because the average kinetic energy ($1/2 m v^2$) is the same for all molecules at a given temperature, so if 'm' is larger, 'v' must be smaller.
Newton's Law of Cooling states that the rate of cooling of a body is proportional to:
The NCERT text states: 'According to Newton’s law of cooling, the rate of loss of heat, $-dQ/dt$ of the body is directly proportional to the difference of temperature $\Delta T = (T_2 - T_1)$ of the body and the surroundings.'
Which of the following conditions is necessary for Newton's Law of Cooling to hold good?
The text explicitly mentions: 'The law holds good only for small difference of temperature.'
When ice is melting at $0^{\circ}C$, what happens to its temperature even though heat is flowing into it?
The introductory part of the chapter mentions: 'You will also learn what happens when water boils or freezes, and its temperature does not change during these processes even though a great deal of heat is flowing into or out of it.' This refers to the phase change process, where temperature remains constant during melting/freezing.
Heat transfer between a system and its surroundings occurs when:
The text states: '...when the temperature of body... and its surrounding medium are different, heat transfer takes place between the system and the surrounding medium, until the body and the surrounding medium are at the same temperature.'
Historically, before the modern concept, how was heat often regarded?
The Thermodynamics chapter states: 'Historically, it took a long time to arrive at the proper concept of ‘heat’. Before the modern picture, heat was regarded as a fine invisible fluid filling in the pores of a substance. On contact between a hot body and a cold body, the fluid (called caloric) flowed from the colder to the hotter body!'
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