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If for some reason the parietal cells of the gastric epithelium become partially non-functional, what is likely to happen?

The pancreatic enzymes and specially the trypsin and lipase will not work efficiently

The pH of stomach will fall abruptly

Steapsin be more effective

Proteins will not be adequately hydrolysed by pepsin into proteoses and peptones

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Explanation

Parietal or oxyntic cells present in mucosa of stomach secrete HCl and intrinsic factor (factor essential for absorption of vitamin B12). If these cells become partially non-functional, then HCl would not be secreted in adequate amounts, thus it would not allow the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin which converts proteins into proteoses and peptones. (page-262).

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What are the tiny finger-like projections called that are inside the small intestine? These tiny finger-like projections absorb the nutrients form the food and send the vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates and fats into our bloodstream:

Esophagus

Arteries

Villi

Flagella

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Explanation

Mucosa forms small finger-like foldings called villi in the small intestine. The cells lining the villi produce numerous microscopic projections called microvilli giving a brush border appearance. These modifications increase the surface area enormously. Villi are supplied with a network of capillaries and a large lymph vessel called the lacteal. (page- 260).

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How is the digestion of fats different from that of proteins and carbohydrates?

Fat digestion occurs in the small intestine, and the digestion of proteins and carbohydrates occurs in the stomach

Fats are absorbed into the cells as fatty acids and monoglycerides but are then modified for absorption into the blood; amino acids and glucose are not modified further

Fats enter the hepatic portal circulation, but digested proteins and carbohydrates enter the lymphatic system

Digested fats are absorbed in the large intestine, and digested proteins and carbohydrates are absorbed in the small intestine

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Explanation

Absorption of fats: Fatty acids and glycerol being insoluble, cannot be absorbed into the blood after digestion and thus needs to be modified. They are first incorporated into small droplets called micelles which move into the intestinal mucosa. They are re-formed into very small protein coated fat globules called the chylomicrons which are transported into the lymph vessels (lacteals) in the villi. These lymph vessels ultimately release the absorbed substances into the blood stream.

Carbohydrates and proteins: Amino acids and glucose do not need any modification because they can be directly absorbed by active, passive and facilitated diffusion. (page-265).

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Which of the following is required in small quantities?

A. Vitamins B. Glucose C. amino acids D. Fatty acids

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Explanation

NCERT page number 257.

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If I consider half part of upper jaw and diganol half part of lower jaw, then how many, canines will be present?

A. 2 B. 4 C. 8 D. 6

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Explanation

see the dental formula for adult

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Find the wrong statement out with respect to oesophagus.

A. Thin, long tube B. Extends posteriorly C. Passes through diaphragm D. opens into thorax

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Explanation

NCERT page number 259.

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Pyloric sphinctor is not associated with

A. Stomach B. Duodenum C. Intestine D. Oesohagus

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Explanation

NCERT page number 259.

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Which of the following is not correct with respect to histology of alimentary canal?

A. There will be four layers from oesohagus to large intestine and rest all parts have absence of one or other layer. B. The order of layer from inside to outside: Mucosa- Submucosa-Muscularis-Serosa. C. Serosa is made up of epithelium of visceral organs known as mesothelium D. Mesothelium has some amount of connective tissue.

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Explanation

NCERT page number 259; para-2.

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Submucosa - what does not hold true?

A. Loose connective tissue B. Nerves, blood and lymph vessels C. Stomach has submucosal glands D. It is 2nd layer from inside to outside.

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Explanation

NCERT page number 259; para-2.

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Which is not associated with Mucosa?

A. Villi, microvilli, goblet cells B. Gastric glands, intestinal crypts C. Lacteal, villi and microvilli D. Lacteal, duodenal glands

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Explanation

NCERT page number 260

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