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Which of the following is considered a state variable in thermodynamics?
The THERMODYNAMICS_Physics chapter states, 'Examples of state variables are pressure (P), volume (V), temperature (T), and mass (m). Heat and work are not state variables.'
If $P_1$, $V_1$, and $T_1$ represent the initial pressure, volume, and absolute temperature of a given sample of gas, and $P_2$, $V_2$, and $T_2$ represent its final state, which of the following relationships holds true for an ideal gas?
The THERMAL_PROPERTIES_OF_MATTER chapter mentions, 'since PV = constant and V/T = constant for a given quantity of gas, then PV/T should also be a constant. This relationship is known as ideal gas law.' So, $\frac{PV}{T}$ is constant.
The Boltzmann constant ($k_B$) serves as a link between which two physical domains?
The KINETIC_THEORY chapter states, 'This is a fundamental result relating temperature, a macroscopic measurable parameter of a gas (a thermodynamic variable as it is called) to a molecular quantity, namely the average kinetic energy of a molecule. The two domains are connected by the Boltzmann constant.'
For a constant volume gas thermometer, how is temperature read?
The THERMAL_PROPERTIES_OF_MATTER chapter states, 'Holding the volume of a gas constant, it gives P $\propto$ T. Thus, with a constant-volume gas thermometer, temperature is read in terms of pressure.'
What is the universal gas constant R equal to, using the Boltzmann constant ($k_B$) and Avogadro's number ($N_A$)?
The KINETIC_THEORY summary states, '$PV = \mu RT = k_B NT$ where N is the number of molecules. Since $N = \mu N_A$, then $R = k_B N_A$.
Which of the following methods is not typically used for the industrial preparation of phenol?
The NCERT text specifies that phenol is commercially produced synthetically, and lists methods like from haloarenes, benzenesulphonic acid, diazonium salts, and cumene. Production from Grignard reagents is used for alcohols, not typically for industrial phenol synthesis.
Phenol is isolated from coal tar, but most of the worldwide commercial production of phenol is currently derived from which compound?
The NCERT text states, 'Most of the worldwide production of phenol is from cumene.' Cumene is isopropylbenzene, which is oxidized to cumene hydroperoxide and then converted to phenol and acetone.
In the industrial preparation of phenol from cumene, what is the significant by-product also obtained in large quantities?
The NCERT text mentions, 'It is converted to phenol and acetone by treating it with dilute acid. Acetone, a by-product of this reaction, is also obtained in large quantities by this method.'
Which of the following reagents is used to convert benzene diazonium chloride to phenol?
The NCERT text states: 'Diazonium salts are hydrolysed to phenols by warming with water or by treating with dilute acids.'
What are the typical conditions for the preparation of phenol from chlorobenzene (Dow process)?
The NCERT text describes this method: 'Chlorobenzene is fused with NaOH at 623K and 320 atmospheric pressure. Phenol is obtained by acidification of sodium phenoxide so produced'.
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