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How are bond angles and bond lengths affected in different conformations of ethane?
The NCERT text explicitly states, 'It may be remembered that in all the conformations, the bond angles and the bond lengths remain the same.'
Which of the following projection methods represents the molecule viewed along the C-C bond head-on, with the front carbon as a point and the rear carbon as a circle?
The NCERT text describes Newman projections: 'In this projection, the molecule is viewed at the C–C bond head on. The carbon atom nearer to the eye is represented by a point... The rear carbon atom... is represented by a circle...'
In a Sawhorse projection, how is the central C-C bond represented?
The NCERT text describes Sawhorse projections: 'In this projection, the molecule is viewed along the molecular axis. It is then projected on paper by drawing the central C–C bond as a somewhat longer straight line. Upper end of the line is slightly tilted towards right or left hand side.'
Conformations are defined as spatial arrangements of atoms that can be converted into one another by:
The NCERT text states, 'Such spatial arrangements of atoms which can be converted into one another by rotation around a C-C single bond are called conformations or conformers or rotamers.'
The energy barrier hindering complete free rotation around a C-C single bond typically ranges from:
The NCERT text mentions, 'It is hindered by a small energy barrier of 1-20 kJ mol$^{-1}$ due to weak repulsive interaction between the adjacent bonds.'
Which type of conformation for ethane is considered an intermediate between eclipsed and staggered conformations?
The NCERT text states, 'Any other intermediate conformation is called a skew conformation.'
Alkanes exhibit conformational isomerism primarily due to:
The summary section of the NCERT text clearly states, 'Alkanes show conformational isomerism due to free rotation along the C–C sigma bonds.'
In the Newman projection of ethane, how are the three hydrogen atoms attached to the front carbon atom represented?
The NCERT text explains, 'Three hydrogen atoms attached to the front carbon atom are shown by three lines drawn at an angle of 120° to each other.'
Why is the staggered conformation of ethane considered more stable than the eclipsed conformation?
The summary section states, 'Out of staggered and the eclipsed conformations of ethane, staggered conformation is more stable as hydrogen atoms are farthest apart.'
Which of the following describes a vinylic halide?
According to NCERT, vinylic halides are compounds in which the halogen atom is bonded to an $sp^2$-hybridised carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C).
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