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How much filtrate is formed per day by the kidneys in a healthy individual?
The NCERT text states: 'GFR in a healthy individual is approximately 125 ml/minute, i.e., 180 litres per day!'
The filtrate formed in Bowman's capsule is similar in composition to plasma, with the exception of:
The NCERT text mentions the filtrate's composition as 'that of plasma except the nitrogenous wastes.' It also implicitly states that protein-free fluid is filtered in the exercise question 3(c) 'Protein-free fluid is filtered from blood plasma into the Bowman’s capsule.'. Hence, proteins are excluded from the filtrate. While nitrogenous wastes are present in the filtrate, they are not 'excepted' from plasma to form the filtrate, rather, proteins are. The context talks about the filtrate being like plasma, implying large molecules like proteins are excluded.
The juxta glomerular apparatus (JGA) regulates GFR through cellular modifications in which two structures?
The NCERT text states: 'JGA is a special sensitive region formed by cellular modifications in the distal convoluted tubule and the afferent arteriole at the location of their contact.'
A fall in GFR activates JG cells to release which substance to stimulate glomerular blood flow and restore GFR?
The NCERT text states: 'A fall in GFR can activate the JG cells to release renin which can stimulate the glomerular blood flow and thereby the GFR back to normal.'
Which of the following structural features primarily contributes to DNA's greater chemical stability compared to RNA?
According to the NCERT text, 'Further, 2'-OH group present at every nucleotide in RNA is a reactive group and makes RNA labile and easily degradable.' Conversely, DNA contains 2-deoxyribose, lacking this reactive 2'-OH group, which contributes to its chemical stability.
What is the primary role of DNA in an organism, according to the provided context?
The summary states: 'While DNA stores genetic information, RNA mostly helps in transfer and expression of information.' Also, 'DNA is the chemical basis of heredity and have the coded message for proteins to be synthesised in the cell.'
Which statement accurately describes a key functional difference between DNA and RNA regarding protein synthesis?
The text states: 'RNA can directly code for the synthesis of proteins, hence can easily express the characters. DNA, however, is dependent on RNA for synthesis of proteins.'
The presence of which base in DNA, as opposed to RNA, confers additional stability to the DNA molecule?
The NCERT text explicitly states: 'In fact, the presence of thymine at the place of uracil also confers additional stability to DNA.'
Which of the following pentose sugars is found in RNA, and how does it differ structurally from the sugar in DNA?
The context mentions: 'DNA contains a five carbon sugar molecule called 2-deoxyribose whereas RNA contains ribose.' And 'Further, 2'-OH group present at every nucleotide in RNA is a reactive group...' indicating ribose has this group, while deoxyribose lacks it.
Why do viruses with RNA genomes often mutate and evolve faster than those with DNA genomes?
The text explains: 'In fact, RNA being unstable, mutate at a faster rate. Consequently, viruses having RNA genome and having shorter life span mutate and evolve faster.'
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The bank mixes NEET previous year questions (PYQs) with practice questions, each tagged with its exam appearances where applicable.