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The process of exchange of O2 from the atmosphere with CO2 produced by the cells is called:
The NCERT text defines it as: 'This process of exchange of O2 from the atmosphere with CO2 produced by the cells is called breathing, commonly known as respiration.'
Insects use which of the following structures for gas transport within their bodies?
The context mentions: '...insects have a network of tubes (tracheal tubes) to transport atmospheric air within the body.'
How much more soluble is CO2 compared to O2, which facilitates its diffusion through the diffusion membrane?
The NCERT states: 'As the solubility of CO2 is 20-25 times higher than that of O2, the amount of CO2 that can diffuse through the diffusion membrane per unit difference in partial pressure is much higher compared to that of O2.'
The thoracic chamber is formed dorsally by the vertebral column, ventrally by the sternum, laterally by the ribs, and on the lower side by the:
The NCERT text describes the thoracic chamber as formed 'dorsally by the vertebral column, ventrally by the sternum, laterally by the ribs and on the lower side by the dome-shaped diaphragm.'
Which of the following is NOT one of the steps involved in respiration as listed in the NCERT text?
The NCERT lists five steps of respiration: (i) Breathing or pulmonary ventilation (ii) Diffusion of gases (O2 and CO2) across alveolar membrane (iii) Transport of gases by the blood (iv) Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues (v) Utilisation of O2 by the cells for catabolic reactions. Production of hemoglobin is a physiological process, not a direct step in gas exchange and cellular respiration itself.
What is the average breathing rate for a healthy human per minute?
The NCERT states: 'On an average, a healthy human breathes 12-16 times/minute.'
Which of the following processes involves cells losing their protoplasm and developing strong, elastic, lignocellulosic secondary cell walls to carry water?
Differentiation is the act leading to maturation where cells undergo structural changes. The text states: 'For example, to form a tracheary element, the cells would lose their protoplasm. They also develop a very strong, elastic, lignocellulosic secondary cell walls, to carry water to long distances even under extreme tension.'
The phenomenon where living differentiated cells, which have lost the capacity to divide, regain the capacity of division under certain conditions is termed as:
The NCERT text clearly states: 'The living differentiated cells, that by now have lost the capacity to divide can regain the capacity of division under certain conditions. This phenomenon is termed as dedifferentiation.'
An example of dedifferentiation in plants is the formation of:
The NCERT text provides this specific example: 'For example, formation of meristems – interfascicular cambium and cork cambium from fully differentiated parenchyma cells' as an instance of dedifferentiation.
What is the process called when meristems/tissues formed through dedifferentiation divide and produce cells that once again lose the capacity to divide but mature to perform specific functions?
Following dedifferentiation, the text describes: 'merge, such meristems/tissues are able to divide and produce cells that once again lose the capacity to divide but mature to perform specific functions, i.e., get redifferentiated.'
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