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What is the primary function of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)?
The NCERT text states: 'Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): ... Nearly all of the essential nutrients, and 70-80 per cent of electrolytes and water are reabsorbed by this segment.'
In which part of the nephron does filtration of blood primarily occur to form the glomerular filtrate?
The NCERT text mentions: 'Filtration is a non-selective process performed by the glomerulus using the glomerular capillary blood pressure.'
A healthy individual's Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is approximately:
The NCERT text states: 'GFR in a healthy individual is approximately 125 ml/minute, i.e., 180 litres per day!'
Which of the following substances are reabsorbed actively in the renal tubules?
The NCERT text explicitly states: 'For example, substances like glucose, amino acids, Na$^+$, etc., in the filtrate are reabsorbed actively whereas the nitrogenous wastes are absorbed by passive transport.'
The primary role of Henle's loop (HL) in the kidney is to:
The NCERT text states: 'HL primarily helps to maintain osmolar gradient (300 mOsmolL$^{–1}$-1200 mOsmolL$^{–1}$) within the kidney interstitium.'
Which part of the renal tubule is characterized by simple cuboidal brush border epithelium, increasing the surface area for reabsorption?
As per NCERT: 'Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): PCT is lined by simple cuboidal brush border epithelium which increases the surface area for reabsorption.'
The process where tubular cells secrete substances like H$^+$, K$^+$, and ammonia into the filtrate is known as:
The NCERT text states: 'During urine formation, the tubular cells secrete substances like H$^+$, K$^+$ and ammonia into the filtrate. Tubular secretion is also an important step in urine formation...'
The afferent arteriole forms a tuft of capillaries called the:
The NCERT text says: 'Glomerulus is a tuft of capillaries formed by the afferent arteriole – a fine branch of renal artery.'
The urine released per day is approximately 1.5 litres, while the filtrate formed per day is 180 litres. This suggests that nearly what percentage of the filtrate is reabsorbed?
The NCERT text explicitly states: 'A comparison of the volume of the filtrate formed per day (180 litres per day) with that of the urine released (1.5 litres), suggest that nearly 99 per cent of the filtrate has to be reabsorbed by the renal tubules.'
How do DCT and collecting duct contribute to osmoregulation?
According to the NCERT text: 'DCT and collecting duct allow extensive reabsorption of water and certain electrolytes, which help in osmoregulation...'
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