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A person with blood group AB has which antibodies in their plasma?

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Explanation

According to Table 15.1, for blood group AB, the 'Antibodies in Plasma' column lists 'nil'. This absence of antibodies is what allows individuals with AB blood to be 'universal recipients'.

What percentage of humans are typically Rh positive ($ ext{Rh}^+$)?

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Explanation

The text mentions: 'Another antigen, the Rh antigen similar to one present in Rhesus monkeys (hence Rh), is also observed on the surface of RBCs of majority (nearly 80 per cent) of humans.'

If a mother is Rh-ve and carries an Rh+ve foetus, what intervention can prevent erythroblastosis foetalis in subsequent pregnancies?

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Explanation

The NCERT text states: 'This can be avoided by administering anti-Rh antibodies to the mother immediately after the delivery of the first child.' These anti-Rh antibodies destroy any foetal Rh+ve RBCs that entered the mother's circulation before her immune system can produce its own antibodies.

Which of the following blood groups can be donated to a person with blood group A?

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Explanation

Table 15.1, under 'Donor's Group' for recipient 'A', lists 'A, O'. This means a person with blood group A can receive blood from donors with blood group A or blood group O.

The ABO grouping system is based on the presence or absence of what on the RBCs?

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Explanation

The text states: 'ABO grouping is based on the presence or absence of two surface antigens (chemicals that can induce immune response) on the RBCs namely A and B.'

A person with blood group O is considered a 'universal donor' because:

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Explanation

The text states: 'From the above mentioned table it is evident that group 'O' blood can be donated to persons with any other blood group and hence 'O' group individuals are called 'universal donors'.' This is because their RBCs lack both A and B antigens, so there are no antigens to react with the recipient's antibodies.

What is the primary concern if Rh antibodies from an Rh-ve mother leak into the blood of an Rh+ve foetus during subsequent pregnancies?

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Explanation

The context clearly states: 'In case of her subsequent pregnancies, the Rh antibodies from the mother (Rh-ve) can leak into the blood of the foetus (Rh+ve) and destroy the foetal RBCs. This could be fatal to the foetus or could cause severe anaemia and jaundice to the baby.'

An antigen is defined as a chemical that:

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Explanation

The definition provided in the text states: 'ABO grouping is based on the presence or absence of two surface antigens (chemicals that can induce immune response) on the RBCs namely A and B.'

If a person has AB blood group, they can donate blood to individuals with which blood group(s)?

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Explanation

According to Table 15.1, under 'Donor's Group' for blood group AB, the only option listed is 'AB'. This means a person with blood group AB can only donate blood to another person with blood group AB.

Which of the following statements about Newton's Third Law of Motion is INCORRECT?

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Explanation

According to the NCERT text, 'Action and reaction act on different bodies and so they cannot be cancelled out.' This is a common misconception, as forces can only cancel when acting on the same body.

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