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A superconductor is described as a 'perfect diamagnet'. What is the value of its magnetic susceptibility ($\chi$) and relative magnetic permeability ($\mu_r$)?

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Explanation

The text (MAGNETISM_AND_MATTER, page 148, and page 152 summary point 5) explicitly states for a superconductor: '$\chi = -1$ and $\mu_r = 0$.'

Which of the following descriptions accurately characterizes the magnetic field inside a diamagnetic material when placed in an external magnetic field?

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Explanation

The context (MAGNETISM_AND_MATTER, Figure 5.7 and accompanying text on page 147) states: 'Figure 5.7(a) shows a bar of diamagnetic material placed in an external magnetic field. The field lines are repelled or expelled and the field inside the material is reduced.'

Why might observed magnetic moments for transition metal ions sometimes differ slightly from calculated 'spin-only' values?

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Explanation

While the text (The d - and f - Block Elements, page 102) states that for the first series transition metals the contribution of the orbital angular momentum is effectively quenched, Table 4.7 shows slight discrepancies between 'Calculated' and 'Observed' magnetic moments. These small differences are often attributed to the incomplete quenching of orbital angular momentum in some cases, or other complex interactions not accounted for by the simple 'spin-only' formula, which considers only spin contribution. The question from coordination compounds 5.7: '[Fe(H2O)6]3+ is strongly paramagnetic whereas [Fe(CN)6]3– is weakly paramagnetic. Explain.' highlights that environmental factors can influence magnetic properties.

Which of the following statements about diamagnetism is correct?

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Explanation

The text (MAGNETISM_AND_MATTER, page 148, and page 152 summary point 6) states: 'Diamagnetism is present in all the substances. However, the effect is so weak in most cases that it gets shifted by other effects like paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, etc.' and 'Diamagnetism is universal. It is present in all materials. But it is weak and hard to detect if the substance is para- or ferromagnetic.'

What happens to the electrons with orbital magnetic moments in the same direction as an applied magnetic field in a diamagnetic substance?

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Explanation

The text explains (MAGNETISM_AND_MATTER, page 148): 'When magnetic field is applied, those electrons having orbital magnetic moment in the same direction slow down and those in the opposite direction speed up. This happens due to induced current in accordance with Lenz’s law...'

Which of the following statements about repetitive DNA in DNA fingerprinting is INCORRECT?

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Explanation

According to the NCERT text, 'These sequences normally do not code for any proteins, but they form a large portion of human genome.' Therefore, option o2 is incorrect.

What percentage of base sequences among humans is considered the same, as per the context provided for DNA fingerprinting?

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Explanation

The NCERT text states: 'As stated in the preceding section, 99.9 per cent of base sequence among humans is the same.'

The technique of DNA fingerprinting was initially developed by:

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Explanation

The NCERT text explicitly mentions: 'The technique of DNA Fingerprinting was initially developed by Alec Jeffreys.'

VNTR (Variable Number of Tandem Repeats) used by Alec Jeffreys belongs to which class of satellite DNA?

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Explanation

The NCERT text states: 'The VNTR belongs to a class of satellite DNA referred to as mini-satellite.'

Which of the following is NOT a step in the DNA fingerprinting technique, as described in the provided context?

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Explanation

The context describes 'Souther n blot hybridisation using radiolabelled VNTR as a probe' and lists steps including isolation, digestion, separation, transferring, hybridisation, and detection. PCR amplification is not mentioned as part of the described technique.

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