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Which of the following diseases are 'transgenic models' mentioned as existing for in the provided text?
The NCERT text states, 'Today transgenic models exist for many human diseases such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer’s.'
What was a key advantage of Rosie's milk for human babies compared to natural cow's milk?
The NCERT text highlights that Rosie's milk, containing human alpha-lactalbumin, 'was nutritionally a more balanced product for human babies than natural cow-milk'.
The study of complex factors involved in growth, such as insulin-like growth factor, by altering gene formation, falls under which category of transgenic animal application?
The NCERT text specifies, '(i) Normal physiology and development: Transgenic animals can be specifically designed to allow the study of how genes are regulated, and how they affect the normal functions of the body and its development, e.g., study of complex factors involved in growth such as insulin-like growth factor.'
What is the primary reason for ethical concerns regarding the genetic modification of organisms, as mentioned in the text?
The NCERT text states, 'Genetic modification of organisms can have unpredictable results when such organisms are introduced into the ecosystem.' This is mentioned under 'ETHICAL ISSUES'.
Transgenic mice are being developed to test the safety of which specific vaccine mentioned in the text?
The NCERT text explicitly states, 'Transgenic mice are being used to test the safety of the polio vaccine.'
For which genetic disorder are attempts being made to treat using biological products produced by transgenic animals, besides emphysema?
The NCERT text mentions, 'Similar attempts are being made for treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU) and cystic fibrosis' in the context of producing biological products from transgenic animals.
What is the main goal in creating transgenic animal models for human diseases?
The NCERT text explains, 'Many transgenic animals are designed to increase our understanding of how genes contribute to the development of disease. These are specially made to serve as models for human diseases so that investigation of new treatments for diseases is made possible.'
Transgenic animals are primarily conceived as genetically modified organisms where:
Transgenic animals are defined by the introduction of foreign DNA (genes) into their genome, which then expresses the product of that foreign gene. The text repeatedly refers to 'introduction of the portion of DNA (or genes)' to produce various effects or products.
How do transgenic animals help in 'Chemical safety testing' to obtain results in less time?
The NCERT text states, 'Transgenic animals are made that carry genes which make them more sensitive to toxic substances than non-transgenic animals... Toxicity testing in such animals will allow us to obtain results in less time.'
The ethical requirement for evaluating 'morality of all human activities that might help or harm living organisms' is a consequence of which human activity?
The NCERT states under 'Ethical Issues' that 'The manipulation of living organisms by the human race cannot go on any further, without regulation. Some ethical standards are required to evaluate the morality of all human activities that might help or harm living organisms.' This context directly applies to genetic modification.
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