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The outer membrane of the nuclear envelope typically remains continuous with which organelle?
The text states, 'The outer membrane usually remains continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum and also bears ribosomes on it.'
The interphase nucleus contains all of the following EXCEPT:
The interphase nucleus (nucleus of a cell when it is not dividing) has highly extended and elaborate nucleoprotein fibres called chromatin, nuclear matrix and one or more spherical bodies called nucleoli. Centrioles are located outside the nucleus, contributing to the basal body of cilia/flagella and spindle fibers. (Relevant text: 'The interphase nucleus (nucleus of a cell when it is not dividing) has highly extended and elaborate nucleoprotein fibres called chromatin, nuclear matrix and one or more spherical bodies called nucleoli...')
Movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm occurs through:
The nuclear pores are the passages through which movement of RNA and protein molecules takes place in both directions between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
Nucleoplasm is another name for:
The NCERT states, 'The nuclear matrix or the nucleoplasm contains nucleolus and chromatin.'
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the equivalent internal resistance of cells connected in series?
According to the NCERT text, 'The equivalent internal resistance of a series combination of n cells is just the sum of their internal resistances.' (Eq. 3.46 for two cells extends to n cells).
Two cells with emfs $\epsilon_1$ and $\epsilon_2$ and internal resistances $r_1$ and $r_2$ respectively, are connected in series such that the negative terminal of the first cell is connected to the positive terminal of the second cell. What is the equivalent emf of this combination?
The NCERT text states, 'Consider first two cells in series (Fig. 3.13), where one terminal of the two cells is joined together leaving the other terminal in either cell free. ...eeq = $\epsilon_1$ + $\epsilon_2$' (Eq. 3.45). This refers to the arrangement where the negative of one is connected to the positive of the other, resulting in additive emfs.
If two cells with emfs $\epsilon_1$ and $\epsilon_2$ (${\epsilon_1} > {\epsilon_2}$) and internal resistances $r_1$ and $r_2$ are connected in series such that their negative terminals are joined together, what will be the equivalent emf?
The NCERT text mentions: 'If instead we connect the two negatives, Eq. (3.42) would change to $V_{BC} = -\epsilon_2 - Ir_2$ and we will get $e_{eq} = \epsilon_1 - \epsilon_2$ (${\epsilon_1} > {\epsilon_2}$)' (Eq. 3.47). This indicates that when cells are connected in opposition (e.g., negative to negative or positive to positive), their emfs subtract.
For n cells, each with emf $\epsilon$ and internal resistance $r$, connected in series, the equivalent internal resistance ($r_{eq}$) is given by:
The NCERT text states, 'The equivalent internal resistance of a series combination of n cells is just the sum of their internal resistances.' For n identical cells, $r_{eq} = r + r + ... + r$ (n times) $= n r$.
Consider two cells in parallel. If their positive terminals are connected together and their negative terminals are connected together, and $I_1$ and $I_2$ are the currents leaving the positive electrodes, which statement is true about the total current I flowing out of the combination?
For cells in parallel (Figure 3.14), the NCERT text states, 'At the point B1, I1 and I2 flow in whereas the current I flows out. Since as much charge flows in as out, we have $I = I_1 + I_2$' (Eq. 3.48). This follows Kirchhoff's current rule (junction rule).
For a parallel combination of 'n' cells with emfs $\epsilon_1, ..., \epsilon_n$ and internal resistances $r_1, ..., r_n$ respectively, the equivalent internal resistance $r_{eq}$ is given by:
According to the NCERT text, for a parallel combination of n cells, the equivalent internal resistance is given by ' $1/r_{eq} = 1/r_1 + ... + 1/r_n$' (Eq. 3.58).
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