Practice free Zoology NEET multiple-choice questions online with instant answers and detailed explanations. No login required.
Biotechnological processes applied in a restricted sense today commonly use:
However, it is used in a restricted sense today, to refer to such of those processes which use genetically modified organisms to achieve the same on a larger scale.
The conversion of an explant into a whole plant in tissue culture requires a nutrient medium that must provide:
It is important to stress here that the nutrient medium must provide a carbon source such as sucrose and also inorganic salts, vitamins, amino acids and growth regulators like auxins, cytokinins etc.
What is the primary benefit of recombinant therapeutics, such as human insulin produced in bacteria, over similar products isolated from non-human sources?
Recombinant DNA technological processes have made immense impact in the area of healthcare by enabling mass production of safe and more effective therapeutics. Since the recombinant therapeutics are identical to human proteins, they do not induce unwanted immunological responses and are free from risk of infection as was observed in case of similar products isolated from non-human sources.
What was the primary disadvantage of using insulin extracted from slaughtered cattle and pigs for diabetic patients?
The NCERT states: 'Insulin from an animal source, though caused some patients to develop allergy or other types of reactions to the foreign protein.'
Human insulin is synthesized as a pro-hormone. What key modification is required for it to become a mature and functional hormone?
The NCERT states: 'In mammals, including humans, insulin is synthesised as a pro-hormone... which contains an extra stretch called the C peptide. This C peptide is not present in the mature insulin and is removed during maturation into insulin.'
What was the main challenge in producing mature human insulin using recombinant DNA techniques?
The NCERT mentions: 'The main challenge for production of insulin using rDNA techniques was getting insulin assembled into a mature form.' This implies the difficulty in combining the A and B chains with their disulfide bonds.
Which company successfully developed and marketed genetically engineered human insulin in 1983?
The NCERT states: 'In 1983, Eli Lilly an American company prepared two DNA sequences corresponding to A and B, chains of human insulin and introduced them in plasmids of E. coli to produce insulin chains.'
How were the A and B polypeptide chains of human insulin combined to form the mature hormone in the recombinant production process?
The NCERT describes: 'Chains A and B were produced separately, extracted and combined by creating disulfide bonds to form human insulin.'
Why are recombinant therapeutics, such as genetically engineered insulin, preferred over similar products isolated from non-human sources?
The NCERT highlights: 'Further, the recombinant therapeutics do not induce unwanted immunological responses as is common in case of similar products isolated from non-human sources.' Also, the summary mentions 'Since the recombinant therapeutics are identical to human proteins, they do not induce unwanted immunological responses and are free from risk of infection as was observed in case of similar products isolated from non-human sources.'
What is the primary reason why insulin is typically injected rather than orally administered to diabetic patients?
The NCERT poses the question: 'Think about whether insulin can be orally administered to diabetic people or not. Why?' While not explicitly answered in the provided text, general biological knowledge (consistent with NEET level) indicates that peptide hormones like insulin are broken down by digestive enzymes (proteases) in the stomach and small intestine, rendering them ineffective if taken orally.
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