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NEET Practice Questions (MCQs) with Answers & Solutions

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In the countercurrent mechanism, urea plays a role in maintaining the osmolarity of the medullary interstitium. In which part of the nephron or associated structure is urea allowed to pass into the medullary interstitium to 'keep up the osmolarity'?

A. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) B. Ascending limb of Henle's loop C. Collecting Duct D. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

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Explanation

The text clearly states: 'Collecting Duct: This segment allows passage of small amounts of urea into the medullary interstitium to keep up the osmolarity.'

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If the descending limb of Henle's loop became impermeable to water, what would be the immediate effect on the osmolarity of the filtrate reaching the ascending limb?

A. It would be significantly higher than normal. B. It would be significantly lower (more dilute) than normal. C. It would remain unchanged. D. It would become isotonic with the blood plasma.

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Explanation

The descending limb is permeable to water, allowing water to exit and the filtrate to become concentrated. If it became impermeable to water, water would be retained in the filtrate, and thus, the osmolarity of the filtrate reaching the ascending limb would be significantly lower (more dilute) than normal.

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Which of the following characteristics is not a fundamental feature of Phylum Chordata?

A. Notochord B. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord C. Paired pharyngeal gill slits D. Ventral, solid and double central nervous system

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Explanation

According to the NCERT text, the fundamental features of Phylum Chordata include a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, and paired pharyngeal gill slits. The central nervous system is dorsal, hollow, and single, not ventral, solid, and double. This latter description applies to non-chordates.

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Protochordates are a group within Phylum Chordata that includes:

A. Urochordata and Vertebrata B. Cephalochordata and Vertebrata C. Urochordata and Cephalochordata D. Agnatha and Gnathostomata

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Explanation

The NCERT states, 'Subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata are often referred to as protochordates and are exclusively marine.'

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In which subphylum of Chordata is the notochord present only in the larval tail?

A. Cephalochordata B. Vertebrata C. Urochordata D. Hemichordata

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Explanation

The NCERT explicitly states: 'In Urochordata, notochord is present only in larval tail, while in Cephalochordata, it extends from head to tail region and is persistent throughout their life.'

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An example of an organism belonging to Cephalochordata is:

A. Ascidia B. Salpa C. Doliolum D. Branchiostoma

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Explanation

The NCERT lists 'Branchiostoma (Amphioxus or Lancelet)' as an example of Cephalochordata, while Ascidia, Salpa, and Doliolum are examples of Urochordata.

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Which of the following statements about the circulatory system in chordates is correct?

A. It is an open circulatory system. B. It is a closed circulatory system. C. It is absent in protochordates. D. It is present only in vertebrates.

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Explanation

The NCERT text states: 'They possess a post anal tail and a closed circulatory system' referring to Chordates in general.

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How does the central nervous system of chordates differ from that of non-chordates?

A. Chordates: Ventral, solid, double; Non-chordates: Dorsal, hollow, single B. Chordates: Dorsal, hollow, single; Non-chordates: Ventral, solid, double C. Chordates: Ventral, hollow, single; Non-chordates: Dorsal, solid, double D. Chordates: Dorsal, solid, double; Non-chordates: Ventral, hollow, single

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Explanation

Table 4.1 in NCERT states: 'Chordates: Central nervous system is dorsal, hollow and single.' and 'Non-chordates: Central nervous system is ventral, solid and double.'

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Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Vertebrata, distinguishing them from other chordates?

A. Presence of notochord throughout life B. Exclusively marine habitat C. Notochord replaced by a vertebral column in adults D. Absence of a post-anal tail

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Explanation

The NCERT states: 'The members of subphylum Vertebrata possess notochord during the embryonic period. The notochord is replaced by a cartilaginous or bony vertebral column in the adult.'

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All vertebrates are chordates, but all chordates are not vertebrates. This statement is justified because:

A. Vertebrates lack a notochord during embryonic development. B. Vertebrates do not have pharyngeal gill slits. C. Protochordates are chordates but lack a vertebral column. D. Vertebrates are exclusively marine, while other chordates are not.

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Explanation

The NCERT explains this: 'Thus all vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates.' This is because subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata (protochordates) are chordates, but they do not develop a vertebral column from the notochord, which is a defining characteristic of vertebrates.

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