NEET Practice Questions (MCQs) with Answers & Solutions

The NCERT text lists 'Downstream processing technologies to purify the protein/organic compound' as one of the three critical research areas, directly relating it to purification. Formulation is implied in the overall goal of making a packaged product ready for marketing.

Downstream processing occurs after the biosynthetic stage, as stated in the text: 'After completion of the biosynthetic stage, the product has to be subjected through a series of processes...'

After the growth and production in the bioreactor (biosynthetic stage), the next set of operations for product recovery and preparation for marketing is Downstream Processing.

The NCERT clearly defines Downstream Processing as the series of processes, including separation and purification, that occur after biosynthesis to make the product ready for marketing.

The NCERT text states: 'The respiratory pathway is an amphibolic pathway as it involves both anabolism and catabolism.' This clearly defines an amphibolic pathway as one that participates in both constructive and destructive metabolic processes.

The NCERT states, 'Since respiration involves breakdown of substrates, the respiratory process has traditionally been considered a catabolic process... But... it is these very compounds that would be withdrawn from the respiratory pathway for the synthesis of the said substrates.' This dual role of breaking down substrates and providing precursors for synthesis makes it amphibolic.

The NCERT text mentions: 'Fats would need to be broken down into glycerol and fatty acids first. If fatty acids were to be respired they would first be degraded to acetyl CoA and enter the pathway.'

The NCERT states: 'Glycerol would enter the pathway after being converted to PGAL.'

According to the NCERT: 'The proteins would be degraded by proteases and the individual amino acids (after deamination) depending on their structure would enter the pathway at some stage within the Krebs’ cycle or even as pyruvate or acetyl CoA.'

Anabolism refers to synthesis. While the respiratory pathway primarily involves catabolic breakdown for energy, intermediates can be 'withdrawn from the respiratory pathway for the synthesis of the said substrates,' such as fats, which is an anabolic process.