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If the frequency of homozygous dominant individuals ($p^2$) in a population is 0.36, what is the frequency of the dominant allele (p)?
Given $p^2 = 0.36$. To find p, take the square root of $p^2$. So, $p = \sqrt{0.36} = 0.6$.
The term 'gene pool' in the context of the Hardy-Weinberg principle refers to:
The text defines 'gene pool' as 'total genes and their alleles in a population'.
Which type of natural selection leads to more individuals acquiring character values other than the mean character value?
Natural selection can lead to 'directional change (more individuals acquire value other than the mean character value)'. Stabilising selection leads to more individuals acquiring the mean character value, and disruptive selection leads to more individuals acquiring peripheral character values at both ends.
In a population, if the frequency of allele 'a' ($q$) is 0.2, what is the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals ($aa$)?
The frequency of homozygous recessive individuals is $q^2$. Given $q=0.2$, then $q^2 = (0.2)^2 = 0.04$.
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the historical context of atomic theory before Dalton?
According to the NCERT text, 'These earlier ideas were mere speculations and there was no way to test them experimentally. These ideas remained dormant for a very long time and were revived again by scientists in the nineteenth century.' This indicates that before Dalton, atomic theories were speculative.
Dalton's Atomic Theory, first proposed in 1808, established the atom as the ultimate particle of matter. From which scientific background did John Dalton hail?
The NCERT text states, 'The atomic theory of matter was first proposed on a firm scientific basis by John Dalton, a British school teacher in 1808.'
Dalton's atomic theory regarded the atom as the ultimate particle of matter. This concept was central to explaining which of the following?
The text states, 'Dalton’s atomic theory was able to explain the law of conservation of mass, law of constant composition and law of multiple proportion very successfully.' The other options are later developments in atomic theory or physics.
Which of Dalton's postulates about atoms was later proved incorrect by the discovery of sub-atomic particles?
Dalton's first postulate was 'Matter consists of indivisible atoms.' However, the text indicates, 'Towards the end of the nineteenth century, it was proved experimentally that atoms are divisible and consist of three fundamental particles: electrons, protons and neutrons.'
The concept of atoms being fundamental building blocks of matter, while revived by Dalton in the 19th century, originated from:
The NCERT states, 'The existence of atoms has been proposed since the time of early Indian and Greek philosophers (400 B.C.) who were of the view that atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter.'
Which of the following aspects of chemical behavior cannot be explained by the 'Daltonian model of atom'?
The text explicitly states: 'For example, questions like why two or more atoms combine to form molecules, why some elements are metals while others are non-metals, why elements like helium and argon are not reactive but elements like the halogens are reactive, find simple explanation from the electronic configuration. These questions have no answer in the Daltonian model of atom.'
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