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Hormones that interact with membrane-bound receptors primarily achieve their cellular effects by:
The NCERT text states: 'Hormones which interact with membrane-bound receptors normally do not enter the target cell, but generate second messengers (e.g., cyclic AMP, IP3, Ca++ etc) which in turn regulate cellular metabolism'.
Which of the following is true regarding peptide, polypeptide, and protein hormones?
Peptide, polypeptide, and protein hormones (e.g., insulin, glucagon) are listed as a group. The text also mentions that 'Hormones which interact with membrane-bound receptors normally do not enter the target cell, but generate second messengers'. Since peptide/protein hormones are water-soluble and generally do not cross the cell membrane, they interact with membrane-bound receptors and utilize second messengers.
An example of a steroid hormone among the following is:
The NCERT text explicitly lists 'steroids (e.g., cortisol, testosterone, estradiol and progesterone)'. Insulin and glucagon are peptide/polypeptide hormones, and adrenaline (epinephrine) is an amino-acid derivative.
Hormones that regulate gene expression or chromosome function typically interact with:
The NCERT text states: 'Hormones which interact with intracellular receptors (e.g., steroid hormones, iodothyronines, etc.) mostly regulate gene expression or chromosome function by the interaction of hormone-receptor complex with the genome'.
Which of the following endocrine glands primarily secretes hormones that are peptide in nature?
The NCERT list of hormone chemical natures includes 'peptide, polypeptide, protein hormones (e.g., insulin, glucagon, pituitary hormones, hypothalamic hormones, etc.)'. The adrenal cortex and gonads primarily secrete steroid hormones, and the thyroid gland secretes iodothyronines.
The formation of a hormone-receptor complex leads to:
The NCERT text says: 'Binding of a hormone to its receptor leads to the formation of a hormone-receptor complex. ... Hormone-Receptor complex formation leads to certain biochemical changes in the target tissue.'
Hormones are defined as non-nutrient chemicals that act as intercellular messengers and are produced in trace amounts. This definition:
The text states: 'The classical definition of hormone as a chemical produced by endocrine glands and released into the blood and transported to a distantly located target organ has current scientific definition as follows: Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals which act as intercellular messengers and are produced in trace amounts. The new definition covers a number of new molecules in addition to the hormones secreted by the organised endocrine glands.'
Which of the following is a second messenger involved in hormone action?
The NCERT text lists 'second messengers (e.g., cyclic AMP, IP3, Ca++ etc)'. Insulin and estrogen are hormones, and DNA is the genetic material, not a second messenger.
If a hormone's action involves interaction with the genome to regulate gene expression, its receptor would most likely be located:
The text states: 'Hormones which interact with intracellular receptors (e.g., steroid hormones, iodothyronines, etc.) mostly regulate gene expression or chromosome function by the interaction of hormone-receptor complex with the genome.' Intracellular receptors are 'mostly nuclear receptors (present in the nucleus)'.
The hormone erythropoietin, secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney, is chemically classified as a:
The NCERT text mentions: 'The juxtaglomerular cells of kidney produce a peptide hormone called erythropoietin'. This directly classifies it as a peptide hormone.
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