Practice free Zoology NEET multiple-choice questions online with instant answers and detailed explanations. No login required.
A palindromic sequence in DNA is characterized by:
The palindrome in DNA is a sequence of base pairs that reads same on the two strands when orientation of reading is kept the same. For example, 5'—GAATTC—3' and 3'—CTTAAG—5'.
After restriction enzyme digestion and gel electrophoresis, how are DNA fragments visualized?
The separated DNA fragments can be visualised only after staining the DNA with a compound known as ethidium bromide followed by exposure to UV radiation (you cannot see pure DNA fragments in the visible light and without staining). You can see bright orange coloured bands of DNA in an ethidium bromide stained gel exposed to UV light.
What is the term for the process where separated DNA bands are cut out from the agarose gel and extracted?
The separated bands of DNA are cut out from the agarose gel and extracted from the gel piece. This step is known as elution.
Which class of enzymes do restriction enzymes belong to?
Restriction enzymes belong to a larger class of enzymes called nucleases. These are of two kinds: exonucleases and endonucleases.
The first restriction endonuclease, Hind II, always cut DNA molecules at a particular point by recognizing a specific sequence of:
It was found that Hind II always cut DNA molecules at a particular point by recognising a specific sequence of six base pairs. This specific base sequence is known as the recognition sequence for Hind II.
After the biosynthetic stage in biotechnological processes, the product undergoes a series of steps to be made ready for marketing. These steps are collectively known as:
As per the NCERT text, 'After completion of the biosynthetic stage, the product has to be subjected through a series of processes before it is ready for marketing as a finished product. The processes include separation and purification, which are collectively referred to as Downstream Processing.'
Which of the following processes are inherently part of Downstream Processing?
The NCERT text explicitly states that 'The processes include separation and purification, which are collectively referred to as Downstream Processing.'
The primary objective of Downstream Processing is to:
The NCERT states, 'After completion of the biosynthetic stage, the product has to be subjected through a series of processes before it is ready for marketing as a finished active product.' This indicates the primary objective.
Which of the following would NOT be directly involved in the 'downstream processing technologies' as mentioned in the context of biotechnology's critical research areas?
Genetic modification of the organism (option 4) falls under providing the best catalyst (an improved organism) or creating the specific gene product, which is an upstream or biosynthetic step. Downstream processing specifically deals with purifying the protein/organic compound after it has been produced.
A biotechnological product, after being produced in a bioreactor, must undergo a critical series of steps before reaching the market. These steps are referred to as:
The entirety of steps from separation and purification to final preparation for marketing is termed Downstream Processing. Formulation and packaging are part of making it ready, but Downstream Processing encompasses more, including separation and purification.
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