Practice free Biotechnology and its Applications (Zoology) NEET multiple-choice questions online with instant answers and detailed explanations. No login required.
What characteristic makes human alpha-lactalbumin in Rosie's milk nutritionally more balanced for human babies than natural cow milk?
The NCERT text states, 'The milk contained the human alpha-lactalbumin and was nutritionally a more balanced product for human babies than natural cow-milk.' The key phrase here is 'human protein-enriched'.
What was the primary disadvantage of using insulin extracted from slaughtered cattle and pigs for diabetic patients?
The NCERT states: 'Insulin from an animal source, though caused some patients to develop allergy or other types of reactions to the foreign protein.'
Human insulin is synthesized as a pro-hormone. What key modification is required for it to become a mature and functional hormone?
The NCERT states: 'In mammals, including humans, insulin is synthesised as a pro-hormone... which contains an extra stretch called the C peptide. This C peptide is not present in the mature insulin and is removed during maturation into insulin.'
What was the main challenge in producing mature human insulin using recombinant DNA techniques?
The NCERT mentions: 'The main challenge for production of insulin using rDNA techniques was getting insulin assembled into a mature form.' This implies the difficulty in combining the A and B chains with their disulfide bonds.
Which company successfully developed and marketed genetically engineered human insulin in 1983?
The NCERT states: 'In 1983, Eli Lilly an American company prepared two DNA sequences corresponding to A and B, chains of human insulin and introduced them in plasmids of E. coli to produce insulin chains.'
How were the A and B polypeptide chains of human insulin combined to form the mature hormone in the recombinant production process?
The NCERT describes: 'Chains A and B were produced separately, extracted and combined by creating disulfide bonds to form human insulin.'
Why are recombinant therapeutics, such as genetically engineered insulin, preferred over similar products isolated from non-human sources?
The NCERT highlights: 'Further, the recombinant therapeutics do not induce unwanted immunological responses as is common in case of similar products isolated from non-human sources.' Also, the summary mentions 'Since the recombinant therapeutics are identical to human proteins, they do not induce unwanted immunological responses and are free from risk of infection as was observed in case of similar products isolated from non-human sources.'
What is the primary reason why insulin is typically injected rather than orally administered to diabetic patients?
The NCERT poses the question: 'Think about whether insulin can be orally administered to diabetic people or not. Why?' While not explicitly answered in the provided text, general biological knowledge (consistent with NEET level) indicates that peptide hormones like insulin are broken down by digestive enzymes (proteases) in the stomach and small intestine, rendering them ineffective if taken orally.
Insulin consists of two short polypeptide chains. What are these chains called, and how are they linked?
The NCERT states: 'Insulin consists of two short polypeptide chains: chain A and chain B, that are linked together by disulphide bridges (Figure 10.3).'
Which characteristic of genetically engineered insulin ensures it is identical to natural human insulin?
The NCERT states: 'Human insulin is made in bacteria yet its structure is absolutely identical to that of the natural molecule.' This identity is achieved by using the precise genetic code for human insulin, as Eli Lilly 'prepared two DNA sequences corresponding to A and B, chains of human insulin'.
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