Biotechnology Principles and Processes MCQs for NEET — Zoology Questions with Answers

As per the NCERT text, 'After completion of the biosynthetic stage, the product has to be subjected through a series of processes before it is ready for marketing as a finished product. The processes include separation and purification, which are collectively referred to as Downstream Processing.'

The NCERT text explicitly states that 'The processes include separation and purification, which are collectively referred to as Downstream Processing.'

The NCERT states, 'After completion of the biosynthetic stage, the product has to be subjected through a series of processes before it is ready for marketing as a finished active product.' This indicates the primary objective.

Genetic modification of the organism (option 4) falls under providing the best catalyst (an improved organism) or creating the specific gene product, which is an upstream or biosynthetic step. Downstream processing specifically deals with purifying the protein/organic compound after it has been produced.

The entirety of steps from separation and purification to final preparation for marketing is termed Downstream Processing. Formulation and packaging are part of making it ready, but Downstream Processing encompasses more, including separation and purification.

The summary mentions, 'expression of the foreign gene, purification of the gene product, i.e., the functional protein and finally making a suitable formulation for marketing.' This 'making a suitable formulation' is part of downstream processing, coming after purification and before marketing.

The NCERT text lists 'Downstream processing technologies to purify the protein/organic compound' as one of the three critical research areas, directly relating it to purification. Formulation is implied in the overall goal of making a packaged product ready for marketing.

Downstream processing occurs after the biosynthetic stage, as stated in the text: 'After completion of the biosynthetic stage, the product has to be subjected through a series of processes...'

After the growth and production in the bioreactor (biosynthetic stage), the next set of operations for product recovery and preparation for marketing is Downstream Processing.

The NCERT clearly defines Downstream Processing as the series of processes, including separation and purification, that occur after biosynthesis to make the product ready for marketing.