Biotechnology Principles and Processes MCQs for NEET — Zoology Questions with Answers

While the specific temperature isn't mentioned for denaturation, it's a fundamental step of PCR to separate DNA strands. Denaturation usually involves high temperatures to break hydrogen bonds, making the single strands available for primer annealing. This is implied by the order of steps (Denaturation, then Annealing).

The definition of PCR mentions 'synthesised in vitro using two sets of primers and the enzyme DNA polymerase'. Primers are short stretches of DNA that bind to the template DNA and provide a free 3'-OH group for DNA polymerase to initiate synthesis during the extension phase.

The NCERT text highlights: 'Among many, the two core techniques that enabled birth of modern biotechnology are : (i) Genetic engineering...'

The NCERT text defines genetic engineering as: 'Techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA)...'

The NCERT text states: '(ii) Bioprocess engineering: Maintenance of sterile (microbial contamination-free) ambience in chemical engineering processes to enable growth of only the desired microbe/eukaryotic cell in large quantities...'

The applications of biotechnology listed are: therapeutics, diagnostics, genetically modified crops for agriculture, processed food, bioremediation, waste treatment, and energy production. Space exploration is not mentioned.

The NCERT text explicitly states: 'Among many, the two core techniques that enabled birth of modern biotechnology are : (i) Genetic engineering :... (ii) Bioprocess engineering :...'

The context mentions 'Downstream processing technologies to purify the protein/organic compound.' and also states 'The processes include separation and purification, which are' (followed by an incomplete sentence, but the intent is clear from the applications chapter).

The summary lists: 'recombinant DNA technology... involves the use of restriction endonucleases, DNA ligase, appropriate plasmid or viral vectors to isolate and ferry the foreign DNA into host organisms, expression of the foreign gene, purification of the gene product...'. CRISPR-Cas9 is not mentioned in this context.

Probe is a labelled DNA/RNA fragment used for detection, not a cloning vector.