Biotechnology Principles and Processes MCQs for NEET — Zoology Questions with Answers

The NCERT text defines Bioprocess engineering as: 'Maintenance of sterile (microbial contamination-free) ambience in chemical engineering processes to enable growth of only the desired microbe/eukaryotic cell in large quantities for the manufacture of biotechnological products like antibiotics, vaccines, enzymes, etc.'

The text states: 'Recombinant DNA technological processes have made immense impact in the area of healthcare by enabling mass production of safe and more effective therapeutics.'

The NCERT text explains: 'Since the recombinant therapeutics are identical to human proteins, they do not induce unwanted immunological responses and are free from risk of infection as was observed in case of similar products isolated from non-human sources.'

The summary states: 'expression of the foreign gene, purification of the gene product, i.e., the functional protein and finally making a suitable formulation for marketing.'

The heat shock and chilling method aims to make bacterial cells competent to take up DNA from their surroundings, rather than directly injecting or bombarding the DNA. The NCERT states, 'Recombinant DNA can then be forced into such cells by incubating the cells with recombinant DNA on ice, followed by placing them briefly at 42°C (heat shock), and then putting them back on ice. This enables the bacteria to take up the recombinant DNA.'

The NCERT text explicitly states, 'Recombinant DNA can then be forced into such cells by incubating the cells with recombinant DNA on ice, followed by placing them briefly at 42°C (heat shock), and then putting them back on ice. This enables the bacteria to take up the recombinant DNA.' This protocol renders the cells competent.

The context clearly states, 'Most likely, this piece of DNA would not be able to multiply itself in the progeny cells of the organism. But, when it gets integrated into the genome of the recipient, it may multiply and be inherited along with the host DNA. This is because the alien piece of DNA has become part of a chromosome, which has the ability to replicate. In a chromosome there is a specific DNA sequence called the origin of replication, which is responsible for initiating replication.'

The NCERT states, 'Agrobacterium tumifaciens, a pathogen of several dicot plants is able to deliver a piece of DNA known as ‘T-DNA’ to transform normal plant cells into a tumor and direct these tumor cells to produce the chemicals required by the pathogen.'

The text mentions, 'Recipient cells after making them ‘competent’ to receive, take up DNA present in its surrounding.' The entire process of physical and chemical treatment aims to make the cell membrane permeable to foreign DNA.

The NCERT text states, 'In a method known as micro-injection, recombinant DNA is directly injected into the nucleus of an animal cell.' Gene gun is suitable for plants, Agrobacterium for plants, and heat shock/chilling primarily for bacteria.